In 1999, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget amended OMB Circular A-110 to require research data produced with funding from Federal agencies be made publicly available through procedures established through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
On February 22, 2013, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released a policy memorandum, “Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research”. This memorandum was updated in the summer of 2022 in the memorandum "Ensuring Free, Immediate, and Equitable Access to Federally Funded Research", directing all federal agencies (not just those with more than $100 million in research expenditures) to create plans for providing immediate public access to the research they fund (publications and data).